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Banking

Introduction

Banks are institutuions that take care of the money of individuals and corporates. Banks pay interest on the deposited money, provide loans to people for business or personal use. They also offer a wide range of services like exchange of foreign currency, giving advise related to investment and insurance and acting as trustees.

With the Information technology boom, a new dimension has been added to face of banking. The operations have been computerized to provide more efficient service to the customers. Most banks are now offering the facility to use ATM card so that cash can be withdrawn or money can be deposited via cheque 24 hours a day. Each and every bank provides a credit card facility to the customers to make life simpler. Not only this with the wide prevalence of the Internet, lot of banks offer an online information to the customers - one can just go to the web site and get information about the account balance etc. sitting at the desk. Home banking as a service is provided by certain banks, wherein a bank representative visit the customer’s home to open an account for him/her.

There is a tremendous competition in the banking sector to come up with innovative and customer friendly schemes. Most of the banks have all their branches connected via the computer network. There is a growing need for better and better banking facilities due to international trade and industrial liberalization which have contributed a lot to the change in the banking environment. All this has created an increase in opportunities in banking jobs and a requirement for people with marketing and technological skills apart from financial background.

Nature of Work

There are various different levels at which a person can join the bank namely clerk, a Grade I officer, a Grade II officer or as a manager.

As a bank manager, a person is responsible for profit, people and resource management and strategic planning to generate more profits. There is a lot of competition due to entry of various foreign banks and financial institutes in the Indian market. Aggressive marketing and innovative policies hold the key to the success of the bank operations. A manager should be able to judge this based on the area where the operations are carried on, and the type of customers that the bank is catering to. Manager should provide constant support and motivation to the staff so that they give the best possible service to their customers. Managers need to interact and communicate with CEOs of corporates who are interested in getting their operations funded and then following up on the big customers who avail loans from the bank.

With most banks getting computerized, it has become absolutely necessary for a person to be a computer literate so th at he/she is able to use the software packages to perform the daily transactions. A bank clerk is involved in various operations like keeping a record of accounts, loans, mortgages, providing services like payrolls and inventory accounting to the customers. The other positions in a bank are for typist, secretary, receptionist, safe deposit attendants, messengers, file clerks and custodians. In small banks there is a lot of job rotation of an employee, hence the responsibilities are not very clearly demarcated. However, in bigger banks each employee is specialized in his/her role.

There is an intensive training course for providing training in the actual work involved in the bank operations. Each employee goes through such a training and is allocated responsibilities which he can perform the best.

Merchant banking

Merchant banking implies investment management. This includes management of mutual funds, public issues, trusts, securities and international funds. It involves dealing with the corporate clients and advising them on various issues like - mergers, acquisitions, public issues, capital structure decisions etc. This being the era where mergers and acquisitions are hot, the scope of merchant banking has grown to a large extent.

Treasury and Forex functions

This aspect of banking is becoming increasingly important as the forex flow in the country is increasing and the international markets are funding the operations of the corporates in India. The success of any business is measured by the fund management, this makes treasury management as a very critical finance function. Management of treasury profit center requires a wide variety of knowledge in the area of global money markets and financial instruments such as deposit certificates, treasury bills, forecasting, source evaluation and cost of domestic and foreign currency funds. Treasury and risk management ensures cost effectiveness in planning strategies in this era of deregulation.

The currency values, interest rates, share index and commodities affect the financial derivatives like futures, swaps and other tools of risk management. Corporates therefore employ well trained professionals to manage treasury and forex functions so that they can ensure competent management.

In a forex marketing job, which is an interbank job, a person needs to assess various markets on the behalf of the bank to advise corporates or other banks who need foreign currency. The job requires one to be constantly updated about the policies of the regulatory bodies, monitoring the current prices, making predictions based on analysis of trends etc.

Personality

A good banker is a person who has a well-organized mind with an eye for detail. It helps in maintenance of records accurately and neatly. The person should have a mathematical aptitude. Employees joining as officers should be able to lead, motivate and manage the bank staff. Good verbal and written communication skills help in effective interaction with the clients as well as the staff. Integrity and honesty play a major role in all dealings related to money, staff and clients. A person responsible for foreign exchange transactions needs to have a sharp, quick and analytical mind.

Entry Level Information

Candidates get recruited at 2 levels in the banks - clerical level and officer level. The procedure of selection varies with nationalized and international banks.

Selection procedure for RBI- The Reserve Bank of India is the topmost financial institution in India which makes all the policies and regulations for the other banks. It conducts tests for three types of entry level positions:

1. Clerical grade
2. Grade A officers
3. Grade B officers

The entry point for clerical staff is in the cash department as examiners of coins and notes. They are promoted to the next grade when they successfully clear the relevant examinations after 5-10 years of service.

There is an All India Exam conducted for class I posts. Graduates, Post Graduates, CA’s, MBA’s in the 21-26 years of age group are eligible. The candidates are tested in logical reasoning, mental ability, numerical aptitude and general English.

The examination is in parts. Paper I is a written test comprising of General Mental Ability (Objective type). Paper II is a subjective one which has English Essays/Comprehension/Precise writing etc. Paper III is on Economics and Social problems.

Selected candidates are shortlisted for an interview which forms the basis for the final selection.

Selection procedure for other nationalized banks- Anyone in the age group of 18-26 years having a degree is eligible for appearing in the written test. The format of the test is similar to the RBI examination. Test is followed by an interview. Clerical staff gets recruited through regional boards. The eligibility and test format are the same as for PO examination.

Selection procedure for nationalized commercial banks Commercial banks regularly advertise through their Banking Service Recruitment Board (BSRB) to recruit Probationary Officers (’PO’). Each region has its own BSRB which carries out the recruitment. Eligibility is a graduate in any discipline with an upper age limit of 28 years.

Information about the examination

The office cadre examination has 2 parts - objective and subjective.

Written Test - The test of reasoning judges the analytical and problem solving skills of the candidate. The English language test focuses on the grammar, synonyms, antonyms, vocabulary etc. General awareness tests the understanding of environmental and social issues, people and events etc. The quantitative aptitude test measures the numerical ability and accuracy in mathematical calculations. The questions range from purely numeric calculations to problems of arithmetic reasoning, graph and table reading, percentage analysis, categorization and quantitative analysis. The subjective part of the paper typically involves imagining oneself in a situation such as observer in a public meeting. One has to then comprehend the situation, provide unique observations and analysis.

Interviews - Selection in the interview is based on the knowledge of the subject of study, personality and awareness. Candidate’s communication skills and leadership qualities are judged during the interview. Typically 30% of the candidates get selected after the interview.

Architecture

Introduction

Growth and prosperity of an economy, to an extent is reflected in its physical appearance. The industry responsible for this is the construction industry, which for quite sometime is experiencing boom. Times have changed and so has our focus. From, the basic necessity of housing and shelter of yesteryears, emphasis is now given on comfort, luxury and style. All this has importantly led to creation of avenues for those interested in making a career in this sector. In the last few decades our economy has witnessed hectic and massive construction activities, new structures have been raised, townships have evolved, evident of growth in the sector.

The construction task involves both the designer and constructors. Any built structure is an outcome of close coordination and participation of a number of people, technical and non-technical, including architects, contractors, surveyors, engineers, designers alongwith bricklayers, masons, carpenters, electricians, plumbers etc. Everyone is specialised in his own area hence beyond comparison.

Nature of Work

Architecture, in particular is the study which deals with planning and designing of building and structures. The subject, not new at all, has been practiced since ages in different parts of the world. Everybody has heard about Roman, Victorian, Moslem and Indian architecture, examples of which even stand today. Architects blend their vision and dreams with materials to erect milestones which leave a powerful imprint on human mankind. Today, architecture has taken a totally different shape. The rapidly changing demands and requirements asks for professionally trained architects who can not only cope with changing times but also design and deliver quality, environment friendly constructions.

Designing any structure not only moves around giving physical facelift to it but involves other important factors which are equally important like its functional utility, safety and economy. Arhitects engage themselves in designing of a variety of structures including houses, apartments and colonies, offices and industrial complexes, hospitals, hotels, airport terminals, stadia, shopping and commercial complexes, schools etc. They provide professional services to individuals and organisations not only regarding new constructions but also in alterations and renovations.

Clients approach architects with some idea of what they want, but with little awareness regarding its feasibility. A good architect is the one who strikes a right balance between aesthetics and practicality. The work starts on the basis of ideas and requirements of the client like its appearance, financial budget and time frame. The arhitect then begins his job with sketching and making plans with details of sizes, specification and estimates of the cost of the structure. Sometimes models and graghic are also used for presentations. Once the plans are finalised and accepted by the client, the architect has to obtain the approval and permission of the local authority for construction. Subsequently, the architect negotiates contracts with building contractors, engineers and surveyors after which the construction starts. The architect is the overall incharge of the contract, his responsibility begins right form designing and planning the structure until the very same is erected. Architects can work alone as well as in a team. They also work with firms and organisations, some of which specialize in a particular type of construction. Architects even indulge in interior designing; an upcomimg field which involves scientific and artistic skills. Demand for interior designers continue to be high with these no longer limiting to corporate offices and hotels alone. One can see it coming into houses in a big way. Interior designers require abstract reasoning and three dimensional space perception to translate ideas into realities. Understanding client’s need is at the very core of the profession.

Personality

Students having academically good background in physics and mathematics are better suited for the study of architecture. An aspirant for the field of architecture should be a creative artist with an interest and bent towards designing. Ability to sketch, free hand plan though not utmost important but is beneficial while explaining to the clients the very intricate details of the structure. He needs to have an imaginative and perspective outlook. Awareness of social and environmental factors, observant attitude adds to the advantage while designing structures. Apart from being technically sound, good mathematical ability is important as the work involves complex designing problems, building economies and cost estimations. Often architects deal with legal procedures and documents making it necessary for them to understand legal language related to the profession.

Good communication skills, hardwork, physical stamina to work on the desk as well on the site, a high degree of concentration level, flexibility, patience, team spirit, responsibility and accountability are some other important traits of the profession.

Professional Courses

Anybody who has studied Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry at the 10+2 level can apply for admission to study architecture at the graduate level in colleges offering the course. B.Arch is a 5 year course and most schools and colleges select students through a written test. Further on completion of the graduate course, if interested, one can study architecture at the post graduate course which varies from 18 months to 2 years.

Entrance test for B.Arch Courses- The Council of Architecture conducts an aptitude test on an All India basis for admission to colleges of Architecture. Engineering colleges select students on the basis of the result to the appropriate engineering courses. Some other renowned institutes carry their own selection tests to identify suitable candidates while some give weightage to class 12 marks and entrance examinations to select students.

Colleges, Institutions and Universities

Some of the Colleges/Institutions/Universities offering Graduate/Post-Graduate courses in Architecture are mentioned below.

1. School of Planning & Architecture, 4, Block-B, IP Estate, New Delhi 110002.
2. Punjab University, Chandigarh College of Architecture, Chandigarh 160012.
3. School of Architecture CEPT, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380009.
4. Lucknow University, Govt. College of Architecture, Tagore Road, Lucknow 226002.
5. Goa University, College of Architecture, Campal Panaji, Goa - 1.
6. University of Mumbai, Sir J J College of Architecture, 78/3, Dr. D.N. Road, Mumbai 400001.
7. Indian Education Society’s College of Architecture, 791, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W), Mumbai 400050.
8. Pune University, Marathwada Mitra Mandal College of Architecture, 302, A, Deccan Gymkhana, Pune 411004.
9. Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, School of Planning & Architecture, Mahavir Marg, Hyderabad 500028.
10. Kerala University, College of Engineering, Thiruvananthpuram 695016.
11. Anna University, School of Architecture & Planning, Sardar Patel Rd., Chennai 600025.
12. IPS Academy, School of Architecture, Rajendra Nagar, Indore 452012.
13. Bengal Engineering College, PO Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal.
14. Sushant School of Art and Architecture, Sushant lok, District Gurgaon, Haryana.
15. Vastu Kala Academy, School of Architecture & Interior Designing, 9/1, Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067.

Specialization

Though few in number, some architects prefer to go in for specialization at the post graduate level. They may choose to specialize in India or Abroad. The subjects of specialization may include urban designing, regional planning, building engineering and management, architectural conservation, industrial design, landscape arhitecture, naval architecture, architecture concerning traffic and transport planning etc. Sometimes even without pursuing specialization courses in any particular field, architects on gaining experience engage themselves in a particular type of work for eg:- in construction of housing societies and apartments, schools, hospitals, commercial complexes etc.

Career Prospects

Substantial increase in investments in the construction sector has been recorded year after year. As far as architects are concerned, there is a huge gap in the demand and supply. Annual requirement projections of architects stands over 10,000 which is expected to rise further and the training facilities available are still short. All these factors contribute in making this field a very competetive one with healthy career prospects.

Employment opportunities for architects are available in government as well as private sectors. Some of the government organisations include Public Works Department, the Archaeological Department, Ministry of Defence, Departments of Railways, Post and Telegraphs, Public Sector Undertakings, National Building Organisation, Town and Country Planning Organisation, National Institute of Urban Affairs, Housing and Urban Development Corporation, National Building Construction Corporation Ltd., City Development Authorities etc. Besides these organisations, various other institutes and agencies like State Departments, Housing Boards, Local Bodies responsible for construction works also recruit architects.

Openings in the private sector exist with the Builders, Architecture Firms, Consultants etc. Architects with some experience can even set up their own business as Consultants and Contractors.

Remunerations

A well qualified architect can start up with a salary of around Rs. 7,000 p.m. in the government organisations. It continues to rise with time and experience. In the private sector, the scale is not fixed but surely one can expect to earn a good amount of money through this profession. Freshers can get a salary ranging anywhere from Rs. 3,000 p.m. to Rs. 10,000 p.m. Such variations in salaries are influenced by many factors like the type of the organisation, its size, qualification and experience of the candidate etc.

Agriculture

Introduction

India is agriculture based country and it plays an important role in driving the state of Indian economy. The impact of agriculture is not only on the production of food grains, vegetables and fruits, but on so many agriculture dependent industries which get its raw material from agriculture sector. A good monsoon would drive the SENSEX raging as bull, while floods or other such calamities would bring it to a grinding halt.

In recent years, Indian state of agriculture has improved a lot and it has started using state of art farming methodology, genetically improved seeds and cross bred varieties for high yield.

Nature of Work

Following are major career areas in the field of agriculture:

• Agricultural Research
• Agri-Business
• Agro Industry
• Agricultural Education
• Agricultural Journalism
• Services in Agriculture
• Banking
• Farming
• Conservation
• Agricultural Engineering
• Management

Personality

First and foremost requirement for choosing Agriculture as a career is the interest in this area, knack for agri based industry and field, ability to withstand the pressure and uncertainties and attitude for helping people and educating them.

Another important trait required is love for the outfields, stay in rural india and far from the fast urban world.

Universities offering online degrees A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, American InterContinental University Online, American Sentinel University, Arizona Universities Network, Ashford University, Azusa Pacific University, Baker College Online, Bellevue University, Benedictine University, Boston University, California Coast University, California State University, Northridge, Capella University, Centenary College, Champlain College, Cleveland Institute of Electronics, Colorado Technical University Online, Concord Law School, Crown College, Deaconess College of Nursing, DePaul University, DeVry University, Eastern Kentucky University, Ellis College of New York Institute of Technology, Everest College Online, Everglades University, Florida Hospital College of Health Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Florida Metropolitan University, Fort Hays State University, Franklin University, George Washington University, Gonzaga University, Grand Canyon University, Herzing College, Hondros College, Independence University, Indiana State University, Indiana Wesleyan University, Jacksonville University, Jamestown Community College, Jones International University, Kaplan University, Keiser College, Lehigh University, Marist College, Miami International University of Art and Design, Minnesota School of Business, Mountain State University, National American University, Northcentral University, Northern Arizona University, Norwich University, Oregon State University, Penn Foster, Portland State University, Rasmussen College, Regis University, Roosevelt University, Saint Joseph’s College, Saint Leo University, South University, Southwestern College, Stonecliffe College Online, Strayer University, The Art Institute Online, The International Import-Export Institute, The University of Liverpool - Online Higher Education, The University of Notre Dame Mendoza College of Busines, The University of Scranton, Thunderbird, The Garvin School of International Management, Tiffin University, Touro University International, Tulane University, UMassOnline, University Alliance, University of Cincinnati, University of Delaware, University of Florida, University of Maryland University College, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Nebraska at Kearney, University of Phoenix Online, Utica College, Vanderbilt University, Vermont College of Union Institute and University, Villanova University, Virginia College Online, Walden University, Westwood College Online, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Western Governors University,

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